Laser Engraving: The Ultimate Beginner's Guide

Laser engraving has revived the ancient art of engraving. What was once a slow and skill-intensive process has become fast and precise. Its accuracy has made it the preferred choice across industries. Today, laser technology has advanced to the point where compact desktop laser engravers meet the needs of DIY enthusiasts.

If you are new to laser engraving, this guide is your starting point. We have covered the basics of laser engraving, how laser engravers work, types of engraving machines, and how you can use laser engravers. Let's get into the details!

What is laser engraving?

Laser engraving is a sophisticated process in which a focused, monochromatic, coherent and directional beam of light interacts with the surface of a material. This interaction causes the evaporation or erosion of the material, creating a permanent mark or design . The precision of this beam is remarkable. With a spot size measured in micrometers, extremely precise and detailed engravings are achieved.

The process is not only precise but also remarkably fast . Desktop laser engravers operate at speeds ranging from 300 to 600 mm/s, while more advanced models can reach speeds of 10,000 mm/s. This efficiency means that even the most complex designs can be engraved quickly.

Another key advantage of laser engraving is its versatility with materials , which will be discussed in more detail later.

How does a laser engraver work?

A laser module is the heart of a laser machine. Inside that small closed box, there is a complex laser generation system. This system has mainly three things: gain medium, energy source and mirrors .

The gain medium, which can be a gas, crystal, or liquid, plays a critical role. When exposed to light, electrons in the gain medium become excited, leading to the release of photons. This light energy is supplied by a power source, typically connected to a battery or an electrical power source.

Surrounding the gain medium is the resonator, a configuration of mirrors designed to amplify the optical gain. These mirrors, along with various lenses, are responsible for directing and fine-tuning the laser beam, ensuring its accuracy and consistency. This configuration creates a controlled and focused laser beam, essential for detailed work.

The laser module of an engraver works under the guidance of software, essentially the brain of the machine . The movement of the laser module on the material, its power and speed, everything is managed by the software.

The material to be engraved is placed on the work table, which is the base of the laser engraving machine . It is flat and anti-glare, designed so that the material on it remains still during engraving. Honeycomb panels can also be placed especially for laser cutting to protect the table and improve heat dissipation.

Some laser engraving machines come with an air assist. It blows away any loose particles, keeping both the engravings and the laser lens clean. This is especially useful when engraving wood where laser burn marks are common.

Laser Engraving Process: From Digital Design to Physical Engraved Model

The laser engraving process begins with designing in graphics software. You create a template or drawing that you want to engrave. This design is then exported to laser engraver software . Here, you adjust the settings for the material and finalize the design. The machine connects to your PC or mobile device, with the engraver software controlling it.

Once the process is started, the engraving begins. The laser beam, hitting the material, vaporizes a layer, leaving a mark . In some materials such as metal alloys, this results in a colored pattern . This color change is due to a chemical reaction, often oxidation, when the laser interacts with the surface of the metal.

Advantages of laser engraving

Laser engraving is one of the most preferred processes in industries due to a wide range of advantages:

Fast, precise and accurate

Laser engraving combines precision and accuracy with speed , a rare feature in traditional processes. You can design even the most intricate designs in minutes, thanks to its small size and fast engraving speeds.

X-Tool F1 Tool

Fastest portable laser engraver

With a maximum engraving speed of 4,000 mm/s and a portable design, the f1 is the perfect solution for on-site engraving projects.

Versatile material compatibility

Laser engraving is adaptable to various materials. It works effectively on both delicate materials (wood, leather, fabric) and hard materials (metals, acrylic, glass, stone) . This makes the process suitable for a wide range of applications.

Personalization

In the world of laser engraving, the only limit is your imagination. From custom gifts to custom commercial products, it offers a canvas for creativity and personalization.

Easy to use

Laser engraving machines are designed with ease of use in mind. They require minimal training, with intuitive settings and simple-to-use controls. Additionally, custom settings for different materials are readily available, making the process accessible to a wide range of users.

Reduced waste

Laser precision means that the material is used efficiently, with minimal need for post-processing or corrections . This not only saves materials, but also contributes to a more sustainable and cost-effective operation.

Safe process

Most laser engravers are enclosed, which prevents any direct interaction with the laser during operation. Additionally, these machines come with multiple safety certifications, ensuring their safety for frequent use.

X-Tool S1 Tool

Class 1 Safe Laser Engraver

Closed design. Safe and easy to use at home. Ideal for both DIY and business projects.

Types of Laser Engraving Machines

As mentioned above, lasers can be of different types based on the gain medium they use. This gain medium also determines the optical power of the laser. Commercially, these three types of laser engravers are common:

Fiber laser engraver

Fiber laser engraver are the type of solid state laser with optical fiber as the gain medium. They have a wavelength between 780nm and 2200nm; it is readily absorbed by most materials, even metals. They are the most powerful laser engravers on the market. And they are commonly used in metal engraving needs.

CO2 laser engraver

Their optical power can be as low as 40W and go up to hundreds of watts. Their wavelength is near 10,600nm. It is absorbed by most materials but reflected by metals. They are not the preferred choice for metals but excel at engraving and cutting non-metals .

Diode laser engraver

One of the most commonly used lasers in desktop and hobby laser engravers . They may not be as powerful as CO2 or fiber lasers, but they are compatible with a wide range of engraving materials . Another advantage is that they are significantly less expensive than the other two lasers .

What materials can be laser engraved?

Unlike traditional engraving methods, laser engraving is not designed for a single material, but works on a range of materials. Some popular materials that can be laser cut and engraved are:

Wood

Laser engraving and wood are a perfect match. It works well with all types of wood, including hardwood, softwood, and plywood. You can create unique wood crafts such as personalized cutting boards, elegant nameplates, or eye-catching signs. The natural grain of the wood also adds a unique touch to each engraved piece.

Metal

Fiber and infrared laser engravers handle all types of metal, including stainless steel, copper, and brass. Whether you want to engrave your metal keychains, or your glassware, or just want personalized things, metal engraving lets you do it all.

Skin

Leather, known for its durability, is an excellent candidate for laser engraving. The laser delicately etches designs into the leather to create detailed, durable patterns. With leather laser engraving, you can add a sophisticated touch to items such as belts, bags, and wallets.

Glass

Another great candidate for laser engraving is glass. Laser engraving on glass is often used to personalize items such as wine glasses and perfume bottles. The laser etches delicate and precise designs, adding elegance and personalization. This technique is perfect for creating memorable gifts on glass items.

Acrylic

Acrylic , a versatile plastic, is suitable for laser engraving. With the precision of the laser, you can create aesthetically pleasing objects such as jewelry, trophies, ornaments, wall decorations, and housewares.

Paper

Laser engraving paper offers a unique way to stylize and personalize. It is great for custom packaging design , decorative art, and even creating intricate patterns. The laser precisely cuts and engraves cardboard, allowing for detailed designs and text.

Eraser

Rubber, while not a traditional choice, is another excellent candidate for laser engraving. With rubber engraving , you can make custom stamps, keychains, mats, Apple Watch bands, and other personalized rubber items. This technique works well with a variety of rubber types, including natural, silicone, and synthetic rubber. However, due to the fumes produced during the process, adequate ventilation is essential for safety.

What materials cannot be laser engraved?

Laser engraving supports a wide range of materials. However, there are some that are not recommended for engraving as they can catch fire and release harmful fumes. You should be careful with these materials:

• PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride): Etching PVC releases chlorine gas, which is both an irritant and corrosive. It can damage the respiratory tract, skin, eyes, and even the laser machine itself.
• Coated Carbon Fiber: Carbon fiber coating may release various toxic gases during laser engraving, posing health risks.
• Artificial Leather: Some types of artificial leather contain chromium (VI) or other harmful materials that can release toxic fumes when laser engraved.
• Halogen-Containing Materials: Materials containing halogens (such as chlorine, fluorine, and bromine) can release harmful gases when engraved with a laser.

What can you do with a laser engraver?

A laser engraver is a versatile tool that unlocks a world of creative possibilities. Whether you are an artist, a hobbyist, or a small business owner, the range of projects you can undertake is vast and varied. Think intricate patterns on jewelry, creating unique works of art, or personalized gifts for loved ones—the engraver is limited only by your imagination.

Work of art

Painted and laser engraved canvas art

If you want to create art that stands out, then laser engraving is the most viable option. You can create canvas art, multi-layered pieces, detailed engravings on wood or acrylic, and even 3D textured art.

Jewelry making

With laser engraving, you can add a personal touch to pre-made jewelry or even create a custom piece from scratch. Personalize pendants, rings, or bracelets with names, dates, or heartfelt messages. It's like whispering a secret into a piece of jewelry.

Home Furnishings

Want to liven up your living space? Laser engraving can help. From creating unique wall hangings to custom coasters and photo frames, the creative possibilities are endless. In short, you can personalize your decor to tell your story.

Personalized Gifts

If you are thinking of sending personalized gifts to your loved ones or colleagues, then try laser engraving. You can transform everyday objects such as glasses, keychains, wine glasses or cutting boards into special keepsakes. Imagine their joy when people receive gifts created especially for them.

DIY and craft projects

For the do-it-yourselfer looking for a new challenge, a laser engraver is a game changer. It opens up a world of creative experiments, from personalized home decor to one-of-a-kind art. It’s not just about making things; it’s about making them uniquely yours.

A small business

Laser engraving also has the potential to become a profitable business. You can make personalized crafts like engraved keychains, notepads, and kitchen utensils, sell them online, and make money with a laser engraver .

If you’re considering starting a laser engraving business , be sure to research the best laser cutters and engravers . And for inspiration, check out our lists of profitable laser engraving projects – they’re a goldmine of ideas for budding small businesses.

How to use a laser engraver?

If you've recently purchased a desktop laser engraver, here's a general process for using it for engraving:

1. Project preparation

First, you need a digital design that you want to engrave on the material. You can create it in laser design software such as Adobe Illustrator or CorelDRAW. Alternatively, you can also download free laser engraving files from the Internet. Then import your design into the laser software.

2. Choosing material settings

The laser control software has a material setting. You can optimize the power and speed of the machine based on the materials. It is recommended to use the manufacturer's recommended setting. If you are using one of the xTool machines, use these material settings for a successful laser engraving operation.

3. Adjusting the laser module

The last step is the correct positioning of the design and adjusting the focus of the laser head . Most machines have preview functions that allow easy location of the design and have automatic focus technology .

Safety precautions for use

Although laser machines are equipped with enclosures, where the possibility of laser exposure is minimal. However, to avoid any accident during the operating process, follow these precautions:

• Ensure adequate ventilation: Laser engraving can produce harmful fumes, especially when working with plastics or coated materials. Use a fume extractor or smoke purifier to ensure the work area is well ventilated.
• Fire Safety: Never leave the laser engraver unattended while it is in operation, as there is always a risk of fire. Keep a fire extinguisher nearby, especially one suitable for electrical fires.
• Operate in a safe environment: Keep the area around the laser engraver free from flammable materials and clutter. Also, make sure the engraver is placed on a stable and level surface to avoid accidental movement or tipping.
• Read the Manual: Familiarize yourself with the specific safety features. Find out what modules it has for emergency and fire shutdown. Follow the manufacturer's recommendations.

X-Tool S1 Tool

Class 1 Safe Laser Engraver

Closed design. Safe and easy to use at home. Ideal for both DIY and business projects.

Tips for Successful Laser Engraving

To get the best results, here are some additional tips to follow:

• Using the Correct File Format: Understanding the Difference Between Raster and Vector Engraving Raster images are best for detailed designs with gradients, while vector files are ideal for crisp lines and text. For 3D Engraving , use grayscale in raster images to represent different engraving depths. Darker areas will be engraved deeper than lighter areas.
• Use manufacturer-defined settings: Start with the manufacturer's recommended settings for your material, which are often well-tested. You can also test engraving on a sample piece of material.
• Use an Air Assist: An air assist is worthwhile for laser engraving. It directs a stream of air to the engraving point, helping to reduce flare-ups and heat marks on the material. Especially recommended for wood engraving, where burnt marks are a common sight.
• Maintenance and Checks: Keep your machine clean, as accumulated debris can be a fire hazard and can also affect the quality of your engravings. Also, inspect the laser module for signs of wear. If anything is compromised, replace it immediately.

How much does a laser engraver cost?

The price of a laser engraver can vary greatly, from $500 to $500,000. This reflects the diversity of laser engraving machines, from desktop models to commercial-grade machines.

• Desktop engravers: These are more affordable, starting at around $500 and going up to $5,000. They are suitable for small businesses or personal use.
• Industrial Engravers: Prices start at $5,000 to $10,000 and can go up to several hundred thousand dollars. They are designed for heavy, continuous use and offer advanced features and larger work areas.

X-Tool S1 Tool

Best Desktop Laser Engraver for Beginners

Closed design. Safe and easy to use at home. Ideal for both DIY and business projects.

However, the exact cost of these machines depends on a number of factors. We have discussed this in a separate post on the cost of laser cutting machines . Here is just an overview of the factors:

How to choose a laser engraving machine?

If you are looking to buy a new laser engraving machine, but are confused about where to start, here is a list of technical aspects you should consider before purchasing:

Optical power

Determine the depth of engraving and cutting you need. More optical power is required for deeper engraving or cutting. However, optical power should not be confused with the electrical power/rating of the machine.

Optical power is the energy you get at the end of the laser module, it is mostly advertised in the names of lasers. Take the example of Tool xP2 , it is a 55W laser engraver, that is, its optical power is 55 watts.

While the nominal power is the electrical energy that consumes when the laser starts working. It is always greater than the optical one because most of it is dissipated during the gain and amplification of the laser. The engraving machine with lower nominal power and higher optical power is efficient.

Material Compatibility

Generally, all laser engravers are compatible with most materials (wood, leather, fabric, acrylic, cardboard). However, metals are an exception. For metals, fiber engravers are best. While, for coated metals, you can use CO2 or diode lasers .

Work area

Consider the size of the objects you plan to work on. Will they be small, intricate pieces like jewelry or craft decorations, or larger objects like signs?

Make sure the machine bed size is in line with the types of projects you plan to undertake. The work area should accommodate your largest planned project to avoid limitations in your scope of work.

Engraving mode

Look for a machine that offers multiple engraving modes. In addition to standard engraving on flat surfaces, check to see if the machine supports rotary engraving (for engraving cylindrical objects) and can handle curved or irregular surfaces.

Frequently Asked Questions About Laser Engraving

Is laser engraving difficult to learn?

Laser engraving is relatively easy compared to traditional engraving methods. It is simple enough that beginners can start their engraving projects with just a few tutorials and a user guide.

Are laser engraving and laser cutting the same thing?

Laser cutting and engraving are different operations. In cutting, the laser vaporizes the material from the surface to the bottom end, making a clean cut. While in engraving, the material is precisely removed from the surface layers.

Is the same machine used for laser engraving as for laser cutting?

Yes, most laser machines can both engrave and cut. A typical laser cutter can also perform engraving tasks. However, machines designed specifically for low-power engraving can only cut a few millimeters of thick materials.

How to add color to laser engraving?

In metals such as stainless steel, color laser engraving is the result of a chemical reaction between the laser and the material. An oxidation reaction creates various colors. In other metals, the process can be replicated by applying a colored oxide layer before engraving.

How deep is the laser engraving?

Typically, laser engraving is a surface technique, with a standard depth of about 0.02 mm. However, by adjusting the settings, it is possible to engrave down to a few millimeters (up to 3 mm) into the material.

How to do 3D laser engraving?

3D laser engraving involves varying the intensity of the laser beam to remove material at different depths. This creates three-dimensional patterns on the material. To engrave in 3D, you need a laser engraver that is compatible with grayscale images.

What is the difference between laser engraving and CNC engraving?

CNC and laser engraving both use distinct tools. In laser engraving, an intense laser beam vaporizes and removes surface material. While in CNC engraving, a rotating milling cutter contacts the surface and mechanically removes material by carving or milling the surface.

What are the differences between laser engravers and 3D printers?

Laser engravers and 3D printers work on two different principles. 3D printing is an additive process. A material (plastic filament) is built up layer by layer to form an object. In contrast, engraving is a subtractive process. It starts with a larger piece of material and uses a laser to cut away layers, forming the final design.

How to maintain a laser engraver?

Inspect and clean the lenses, check the tension of the belts and lubricate the pulleys. In winter , use the laser engraver in a place where the temperature is close to standard room temperature.

What is the difference between laser engraving and laser marking?

In laser engraving, a high-powered laser removes material from the surface to create deep, tangible cuts. The depth can range from 0.001 to 0.125 inches. While, in laser marking , there is little or no removal of material. Instead, a low-powered laser chemically reacts with the surface, leaving a permanent, discolored mark.

What is the difference between laser engraving and laser etching?

Laser engraving removes material to a significant depth, giving it a 3D appearance and noticeable texture. Laser etching is a subset of engraving, where the material is melted, but only at the microsurface level.